SALONINA Gallienus Wife266AD Alexandria Tetradrachm Dike Virgo Roman Coin i44158

Description

Item:
i44158
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Salonina
- Roman Empress: 253-268 A.D. - Wife of Gallienus -
Billon Tetradrachm 23mm (9.01 grams) of
Alexandria
in
Egypt
Dated Regnal year 13 of Gallienus, 265/266 A.D.
Reference: Dattari 5328
KOPNH
ΛIA CAΛWNЄINA CЄB, Draped bust right, wearing stephane.
Dikaiosyne standing left, holding scales and cornucopia; date L I
Γ
in upper left field; palm branch in field to right.
.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
In
ancient Greek culture
,
Dikē
(
Greek
: Δίκη,
English translation
: "justice") was the spirit of moral order and fair judgement based on immemorial custom, in the sense of socially enforced
norms
and
conventional rules
. According to
Hesiod
(
Theogony
, l. 901), she was fathered by
Zeus
upon his second consort,
Themis
.
Depiction
The sculptures of the
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
have as their unifying iconographical conception the
dikē
of Zeus,
[1]
and in poetry she is often the attendant (
paredros
) of Zeus. In the philosophical climate of late 5th century Athens,
dikē
could be
anthropomorphised
as a goddess of
moral
justice
. She was one of the three second-generation
Horae
, along with
Eunomia
("order") and
Eirene
("peace"):
"
Eunomia
and that unsullied fountain
Dikē
, her sister, sure support of cities; and
Eirene
of the same kin, who are the stewards of wealth for mankind — three glorious daughters of wise-counselled Themis."
She ruled over human justice, while her mother
Themis
ruled over divine justice. Her opposite was
adikia
("injustice"): in reliefs on the archaic
Chest of Cypselus
preserved at Olympia, a comely
Dikē
throttled an ugly
Adikia
and beat her with a stick.
The later art of rhetoric treated the personification of abstract concepts as an artistic device, which devolved into the
allegorizing
that
Late Antiquity
bequeathed to
patristic literature
. In a further
euhemerist
interpretation, Dikē was born a mortal and
Zeus
placed her on Earth to keep mankind just. He quickly learned this was impossible and placed her next to him on
Mount Olympus
.
Dike Astraea
One of her epithets was
Astraea
, referring to her appearance as the constellation
Virgo
. According to Aratus' account of the constellation's origin, Dike lived upon Earth during the
Golden
and
Silver
ages, when there were no wars or diseases, men did not yet know how to sail, and men raised fine crops. They grew greedy, however, and Dike was sickened. She proclaimed:
Behold what manner of race the fathers of the Golden Age left behind them! Far meaner than themselves! but you will breed a viler progeny! Verily wars and cruel bloodshed shall be unto men and grievous woe shall be laid upon them.
—Aratus,
Phaenomena
123
Dike left Earth for the sky, from which, as the constellation, she watched the despicable human race. After her departure, the human race declined into the Brazen Age, when diseases arose and they learned how to sail.
Alexandria was founded by
Alexander the Great
in April 331 BC as
Ἀλεξάνδρεια
(
Alexándreia
). Alexander's
chief architect
for the project was
Dinocrates
. Alexandria was intended to supersede
Naucratis
as a
Hellenistic
center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich
Nile Valley
. An Egyptian city,
Rhakotis
, already existed on the shore, and later gave its name to Alexandria in the
Egyptian language
(Egyptian
*Raˁ-Ḳāṭit
, written
rˁ-ḳṭy.t
, 'That which is built up'). It continued to exist as the Egyptian quarter of the city. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to his city. After Alexander's departure, his viceroy,
Cleomenes
, continued the expansion. Following a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general
Ptolemy
succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria.
Alexandria, sphinx made of
pink granite
,
Ptolemaic
.
Heptastadion and the mainland quarters seem to have been primarily Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined
Tyre
and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the
Arabian
and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than
Carthage
. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and, for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. It became Egypt's main Greek city, with
Greek people
from diverse backgrounds.
Alexandria was not only a centre of
Hellenism
, but was also home to the largest Jewish community in the world. The
Septuagint
, a Greek translation of the
Hebrew Bible
, was produced there. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Hellenistic center of learning (
Library of Alexandria
), but were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, Jewish, and
Egyptian
. From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under
Ptolemy Philopater
who reigned from 221–204 BC. The reign of
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare..
The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 BC, according to the will of
Ptolemy Alexander
, but only after it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years. It was captured by
Julius Caesar
in 47 BC during a Roman intervention in the domestic civil war between king
Ptolemy XIII
and his advisers, and the fabled queen
Cleopatra VII
. It was finally captured by
Octavian
, future
emperor
Augustus on 1 August 30 BC, with the name of the month later being changed to
August
to commemorate his victory.
Kitos War
, which gave
Hadrian
and his architect,
Decriannus
, an opportunity to rebuild it. In 215, the
emperor
Caracalla
visited the city and, because of some insulting
satires
that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to
put to death
all youths capable of bearing arms. On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a
tsunami
(
365 Crete earthquake
), an event still annually commemorated 17 hundred years later as a "day of horror." In the late 4th century, persecution of
pagans
by newly Christian Romans had reached new levels of intensity. In 391, the Patriarch
Theophilus
destroyed all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Emperor
Theodosius I
. The
Brucheum
and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century. On the mainland, life seemed to have centred in the vicinity of the
Serapeum
and
Caesareum
, both of which became
Christian churches
. The
Pharos
and
Heptastadium
quarters, however, remained populous and were left intact.
In 619, Alexandria
fell
to the
Sassanid Persians
. Although the
Byzantine Emperor
Heraclius
recovered it in 629, in 641 the Arabs under the general
Amr ibn al-As
captured it during the
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Julia Cornelia Salonina
(d. 268,
Mediolanum
) was an
Augusta
, wife of
Roman Emperor
Gallienus
and mother of
Valerian II
,
Saloninus
, and
Marinianus
.
Julia Cornelia Salonina's origin is unknown. According to a modern theory, she was born of
Greek
origin in
Bithynia
, then part of the province of
Bithynia et Pontus
,
Asia Minor
. However, there exists some scepticism on that. She was married to Gallienus about ten years before his accession to the throne. When her husband became joint-emperor with his father
Valerian
in 253, Cornelia Salonina was named
Augusta
.
Cornelia was the mother of three princes,
Valerian II
,
Saloninus
and
Marinianus
. Her fate, after the murder of Gallienus, during the siege of
Mediolanum
in 268, is unknown. It is likely that either her life was spared or the she was executed together with other members of her family, at the orders of the Senate of Rome
.
Her name is reported on coins with Latin legend as
Cornelia Salonina
; however, from the Greek coinage come the names
Iulia Cornelia Salonina
,
Publia Licinia Cornelia Salonina
, and
Salonina Chrysogona
(attribute that means "begotten of gold").
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