DOMITIAN Judaea Capta Caesarea Paneas 83AD Victory Nike Roman Coin Rare i47989

Description

Item:
i47989
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Domitian
- Roman Caesar: 69-81 A.D.
Emperor
: 81-96 A.D. -
JUDAEA CAPTA TYPE
Bronze 19mm (4.62 grams) Caesarea Paneas in Judaea mint: 83/84 A.D.
under
Herod Agrippa II
Reference: Hendin 1317 (5th Edition)
ΔΟΜΕΤ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΡΜΑΝ, Laureate head right.
ΕΤΟ ΚΔ ΒΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ, Nike ( Victory ) standing right, left foot on helmet, writing on a shield which rests on her left knee.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
Judaea Capta
coins (also spelled
Judea Capta
) were a series of commemorative coins originally issued by the
Roman Emperor
Vespasian
to celebrate the capture of
Judaea
and the destruction of the
Jewish
Temple in Jerusalem
by his son
Titus
in
70 AD
during the
First Jewish Revolt
. There are several variants of the coinage. The reverse of the coins shows a Jewish female (representing Judaea) seated right in an attitude of mourning at the base of a palm tree, with either a captive Jewish male standing right, with his hands bound behind his back, or the standing figure of the victorious emperor, or the goddess Victory, with a trophy of weapons, shields, and helmets to the left.
The female figure may reflect the prophecy of
Isaiah
3:8, 25-26: "For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen ... Thy men shall fall by the sword and thy mighty in the war. And her gates shall lament and mourn, and she being desolate shall sit upon the ground".
The Judaea Capta coins were struck for 25 years under Vespasian and his two sons who succeeded him as Emperor - Titus and
Domitian
. These commemorative coins were issued in bronze, silver and gold by mints in Rome, throughout the
Roman Empire
, and in Judaea itself. They were issued in every denomination, and at least 48 different types are known.
Only bronze 'Judaea Capta' coins were struck in
Caesarea
, in the defeated Roman
province of Judea
. These coins are much cruder than the Roman issues, and the inscriptions are in
Greek
rather than
Latin
. The designs feature the
Goddess Nike
writing on a shield,
Minerva
with a spear, shield, trophy and palm tree, etc. Most such coins were issued during the reign of the Emperor Domitian (81-96 AD).
Unusually, a 'Judaea Capta' coin was also minted by the
Jewish
ruler
Agrippa II
, the great-grandson of
Herod the Great
. Brought up in Rome at the court of
Claudius
, Agrippa was thoroughly Romanised and was a close friend of
Titus
, whom he supported throughout the
First Jewish Revolt
. His bronze coin was minted at
Tiberias
and shows a portrait of Titus on the
obverse
with the
Greek
inscription 'ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡ ΤΙΤΟΣ', while the
reverse
depicted the goddess
Nike
advancing right holding a wreath and palm branch over her shoulder, with a star in upper right field and the inscription 'ETO - KS BA AGRI-PPA'.
Herod Agrippa II
(born AD 27/28), officially named
Marcus Julius Agrippa
and sometimes just called
Agrippa
, was the seventh and last king of the family of
Herod the Great
, the
Herodians
. He was the son of the first and better-known
Herod Agrippa
, the brother of
Berenice
, Mariamne, and
Drusilla
(second wife of the Roman procurator
Antonius Felix
).
Life
Herod Agrippa II was educated at the court of the emperor
Claudius
, and at the time of his father's death was only seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome, and sent
Cuspius Fadus
as
procurator
of the
Roman province of Judaea
. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius, and against the
Samaritans
and the procurator of
Iudaea Province
,
Ventidius Cumanus
, who was lately thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there. On the death of
Herod of Chalcis
in 48, his small Syrian kingdom of
Chalcis
was given to Herod Agrippa, with the right of superintending the
Temple in Jerusalem
and appointing its high priest. In 53, he was made king over the territories previously governed by
Philip
and
Lysanias
by Claudius, surrendering Chalcis to his cousin,
Aristobulus
. Herod Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters
Mariamne
and
Drusilla
.
Flavius Josephus
, the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Herod Agrippa lived in an incestuous relationship with his sister,
Berenice
.
In 55, Nero added to his realm the cities of
Tiberias
and
Taricheae
in
Galilee
, and
Livias
(Iulias), with fourteen villages near it, in
Peraea
. Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying
Jerusalem
and other cities, especially
Berytus
. His partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular amongst his own subjects, and the capricious manner in which he appointed and deposed the high priests made him disliked by the Jews. Agrippa failed to prevent his subjects from rebelling, and urged instead that they tolerate the behavior of the Roman procurator
Gessius Florus
. But in 66 the Jews expelled him and Berenice from the city. During the
First Jewish-Roman War
of 66–73, he sent 2,000 men, archers and cavalry, to support
Vespasian
, showing that, although a Jew in religion, he was entirely devoted to the
Roman Empire
. He accompanied
Titus
on some campaigns, and was wounded at the
siege of Gamla
. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of
praetor
and rewarded with additional territory.
Apostle Paul On Trial
by Nikolai Bodarevsky, 1875. Agrippa and
Berenice
are both seated on thrones.
According to
Photius
, Agrippa died, childless, at the age of seventy, in the third year of the reign of
Trajan
, that is, 100, but statements of historian
Josephus
, in addition to the contemporary
epigraphy
from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt. The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94. He was the last prince of the house of the Herods.
It was before him and his sister Berenice that, according to the
New Testament
,
Paul the Apostle
pleaded his case at
Caesarea Maritima
, possibly in 59.
He had a great intimacy with the historian Josephus, having supplied him with information for his history,
Antiquities of the Jews
. Josephus preserved two of the letters he received from him.
Titus Flavius Domitianus
(24 October 51 – 18 September 96), known as
Domitian
, was a
Roman Emperor
who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death. Domitian was the third and last emperor of the
Flavian dynasty
, the house which ruled the
Roman Empire
between 69 and 96 and encompassed the reigns of Domitian's father
Vespasian
(69–79), his older brother
Titus
(79–81), and that of Domitian himself.
Domitian's youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his brother Titus, who gained military renown during the
First Jewish-Roman War
. This situation continued under the rule of Vespasian, who became emperor on 21 December 69 following the
civil war
known as the
Year of the Four Emperors
. While Titus effectually reigned as co-emperor with his father, Domitian was left with honours but no responsibilities. Vespasian died on 23 June 79 and was succeeded by Titus, whose own reign came to an unexpected end when he was struck by a fatal illness on 13 September 81. The following day Domitian was declared emperor by the
Praetorian Guard
, commencing a reign which lasted fifteen years—longer than any man who had governed Rome since
Tiberius
.
As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the
Roman coinage
, expanded the border defenses of the Empire, and initiated a massive building programme to restore the damaged city of
Rome
. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where
Gnaeus Julius Agricola
expanded the Roman Empire as far as modern day
Scotland
, and in
Dacia
, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against king
Decebalus
. Domitian's government nonetheless exhibited
totalitarian
characteristics. As emperor, he saw himself as the new
Augustus
, an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new era of Flavian renaissance. Religious, military, and cultural
propaganda
fostered a
cult of personality
, and by nominating himself perpetual
censor
, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and the army but despised by members of the
Roman Senate
as a tyrant.
Domitian's reign came to an end on 18 September 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day he was succeeded by his friend and advisor
Nerva
, who founded the long-lasting
Nerva-Antonine dynasty
. After his death, Domitian's memory was
condemned to oblivion
by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as
Tacitus
,
Pliny the Younger
and
Suetonius
published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern history has rejected these views, instead characterising Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political programme provided the foundation of the peaceful 2nd century.
Domitia Longina
(b. 53 – c. 130) was an Empress and wife to the
Roman Emperor
Domitian
. She was the youngest daughter of the general and
consul
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
. Domitia divorced her first husband
Lucius Aelius Lamia
in order to marry Domitian in 71. The marriage produced only one son, whose early death is believed to have been the cause of temporary rift between Domitia and her husband in 83. She became Empress of Rome upon Domitian's accession in 81, and remained so until his
assassination
in 96. She is believed to have died sometime between 126 and 130.
Family
Domitia Longina was born sometime between 50 and 55, as the youngest daughter to the family of
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
and Cassia Longina.
[1]
Through her mother (a great-great-great granddaughter of Augustus), Domitia Longina was a direct descendant of
Augustus Caesar
and one of the last remaining members of the Julian lineage. Her paternal aunt was Milonia
Caesonia
, Roman Empress to
Caligula
. Her elder sister,
Domitia Corbula
, married the senator Lucius Annius Vinicianus. Domitia's father Corbulo had been one of Rome's most respected Senators and generals, serving as
consul
under Caligula, and conducting military campaigns in
Germania
and
Parthia
under
Claudius
and
Nero
.
[1]
Following the failed
Pisonian conspiracy
against Emperor
Nero
in 65 however, Corbulo was disgraced when his family was brought in connection to the conspirators. Corbulo himself was forced to commit
suicide
, while Annius Vicinianus and his brother Annius Pollio, were executed in the ensueing purges.
[2]
Little is known about the life of Domitia before her marriage to Domitian, but sometime before 70, Domitia was married to
Lucius Aelius Plautius Lamia Aelianus
, a man of
senatorial
rank.
[3]
Marriage to Domitian
Reign of Vespasian and Titus
The Triumph of Titus
, by Sir
Lawrence Alma-Tadema
(1885). The composition alludes to the rumoured love affair between Titus (back left) and Domitia Longina (left, next to Domitian).
[4]
Following Nero's suicide on June 9, 68, the Roman Empire plunged into a year long
civil war
known as the
Year of the Four Emperors
, which saw the successive rise and fall of the Emperors
Galba
,
Otho
and
Vitellius
. The crisis came to an end with the accession of
Vespasian
, who re-established peace in the Empire and founded the short-lived
Flavian dynasty
. In 71, Vespasian attempted to arrange a dynastic marriage between his youngest son Domitian, and the daughter of his eldest son
Titus
, Julia Flavia.
[5]
By this time however, Domitian had already met and fallen in love with Domitia Longina, and managed to persuade Lamia to divorce her, so that Domitian could marry her himself.
[5]
Despite its initial recklessness, the alliance was very prestigious for both families. The new marriage rehabilitated Corbulo's family, while serving the broader Flavian
propaganda
of the time, which sought to diminish Vespasian's political success under the less reputable emperors of the
Julio-Claudian dynasty
. Instead connections to Claudius and Britannicus were emphasised, and Nero's victims, or those otherwise disadvantaged by him, rehabilitated.
[2]
In 73, Domitia and Domitian's only attested son was born. It is not known what the boy's name was, but he died in childhood sometime between 77 and 81.
[6]
During this time, Domitian's role in the Flavian government was largely
ceremonial
. While his elder brother Titus shared almost equal powers with his father, Domitian was left with honours but no responsibilities.
[7]
This situation remained unchanged when Titus succeeded Vespasian as Emperor on June 23, 79, leading both ancient and modern authors to suggest a mutual animosity between the two brothers. In 80, Titus granted a
suffect consulship
to Domitia's former husband Aelius Lamia, according to Gsell as a personal insult against Domitian.
[8]
On another occasion, when Titus urged Lamia to marry again, Lamia asked whether "he too was looking for a wife".
[9]
After barely two years in office, Titus unexpectedly died of brain fever on September 13, 81. His last words were reported to have been: "I have made but one mistake".
[10]
The contemporary historian
Suetonius
speculated on the possible involvement of Domitian in his brother's death, attributing his final words to a popular rumour of the time, which held that Titus had carried on an affair with Domitia Longina. However even he dismisses the story as highly unlikely.
[6]
[10]
On September 14, the
Roman Senate
confirmed Domitian as Titus' successor, granting tribunician power, the office of
Pontifex Maximus
, and the titles of
Augustus
, and
Pater Patriae
. Consequently, Domitia Longina became Empress of Rome.
Empress of Rome
Shortly following his accession as Emperor, Domitian bestowed the honorific title of
Augusta
upon Domitia, while their late son was
deified
. Both appeared on Domitian's coinage during this time. Nevertheless, the marriage appears to have faced a significant crisis in 83. For reasons unknown, Domitian briefly
exiled
Domitia, and then soon recalled her, either out of love or amidst rumours he was carrying on a relationship with his niece Julia Flavia.
[11]
According to Suetonius, Domitia was exiled because of an affair with a famous actor named
Paris
. When Domitian found out, he allegedly murdered Paris in the street, and promptly divorced his wife. Suetonius further adds that, once Domitia was exiled, Domitian took Julia as his mistress, who later died during a failed
abortion
.
[12]
Modern historians consider this highly implausible however, noting that many of these stories were propagated by hostile senatorial authors, who condemned Domitian as a
tyrant
after his death. Malicious rumours, such as those concerning Domitia's alleged infidelity, were eagerly repeated, and used to highlight the
hypocrisy
of a ruler publicly preaching a return to
Augustan
morals, while privately indulging in excesses and presiding over a corrupt
court
.
[13]
Domitian did exile his wife, but Jones argues that most likely he did so for her failure to produce an
heir
.
[6]
Nevertheless, rumours regarding Domitia's alleged misconduct with Paris circulated even in Domitian's time, and he did not take insults directed at his marriage lightly. Not long after his accession, Aelius Lamia was put to death for the joking remarks made earlier during the reign of Titus.
[14]
In 93, a son of
Helvidius Priscus
was executed for having composed a
farce
satirizing Domitian's separation from his wife. Stories of Domitian's affair with Julia were likely an invention of post-Domitianic writers however.
[15]
She died a natural death, and was subsequently deified by Domitian.
[11]
By 84, Domitia had returned to the palace,
[16]
where she lived for the remainder of Domitian's reign without incident.
[17]
Little is known of Domitia's precise activities as Empress, or how much influence she wielded in Domitian's government, but it seems her role was largely limited to ceremonial appearances. From Suetonius, we know that she at least accompanied the Emperor to the
theatre
, while the
Jewish
writer
Josephus
speaks of benefits he received from her.
[18]
Despite the crisis of 83, their relationship appears to have been happy. Domitian never married another woman in his life.
Later years
On September 18, 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy organized by court officials. His body was carried away on a common
bier
, and unceremoniously
cremated
by his nurse Phyllis, who mingled the ashes with those of his niece Julia at the Flavian temple.
[19]
The same day, he was succeeded by his friend and advisor,
Marcus Cocceius Nerva
. Ancient sources have implicated Domitia in the conspiracy against Domitian, either by direct involvement, or advance awareness of the assassination. The historian
Cassius Dio
, writing more than a century after the assassination, claimed that Domitia chanced upon a list of courtiers Domitian intended to put to death, and passed the information to his chamberlain
Parthenius
.
[20]
The story is most likely apocryphal however, with
Herodian
attributing a similar tale to the assassination of
Commodus
. According to Jones, the evidence suggests that Domitia remained devoted to Domitian, even after his death.
[18]
Twenty-five years after her husband's assassination, and despite the fact that his
memory had been damned
by the Senate, she still referred to herself as "Domitia, wife of Domitian".
[18]
[21]
Sometime between 126 and 140, a temple dedicated to Domitia was erected in
Gabii
. She died peacefully.
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