CARACALLA & Mother JULIA DOMNA 211AD Marcianopolis Ancient Roman Coin i45669

Description

Item:
i45669
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Caracalla
-
Roman Emperor
: 198-217 A.D. -
Bronze Pentassarion 28mm (11.61 grams) of Marcianopolis, Moesia Inferior, circa 211-217 A.D.
Magistrate Quintillianus
ANTΩNINOC AVΓOVCTOC IOVΛIA ΔOMNA, laureate bust of Caracalla on left facing right toward draped bust of Julia Domna facing left on right.
VΠ KVNTIΛIANOV MAPKIANOΠOΛITΩN, Homonia standing left, sacrificing from patera over flaming altar, holding cornucopiae, Є at left.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
Hermes
is the great messenger of the gods in
Greek mythology
and additionally as a
guide to the Underworld
. Hermes was born on
Mount Cyllene
in Arcadia. An
Olympian god
, he is also the patron of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of
shepherds
and
cowherds
, of the cunning of thieves and liars, of orators and wit, of literature and poets, of athletics and sports, of weights and measures, of invention, and of commerce in general. His symbols include the tortoise, the rooster, the winged sandals, the winged hat, and the
caduceus
(given to him by Apollo in exchange for the lyre).
Symbols of Hermes were the palm tree, turtle, rooster, goat, the number four, several kinds of fish, incense. Sacrifices involved honey, cakes, pigs, goats, and lambs.
In the Roman adaptation of the Greek religion (see
interpretatio romana
), Hermes was identified with the Roman god
Mercury
, who, though inherited from the
Etruscans
, developed many similar characteristics, such as being the patron of commerce.
The
Homeric hymn
to Hermes invokes him as the one "of many shifts (
polytropos
), blandly cunning, a robber, a cattle driver, a bringer of dreams, a watcher by night, a thief at the gates, one who was soon to show forth wonderful deeds among the deathless gods."
He protects and takes care of all the travelers, miscreants, harlots, old
crones
and thieves that pray to him or cross his path. He is athletic and is always looking out for runners, or any athletes with injuries who need his help.
Hermes is a messenger from the gods to humans, sharing this role with
Iris
. An interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers is a
hermeneus.
Hermes gives us our word "
hermeneutics
", the study and theory of interpretation. In Greek a lucky find was a
hermaion
. Hermes delivered messages from Olympus to the mortal world. He wears shoes with wings on them and uses them to fly freely between the mortal and immortal world. Hermes was the second youngest of the
Olympian gods
, being born before
Dionysus
.
Hermes, as an inventor of fire, is a parallel of the
Titan
,
Prometheus
. In addition to the
lyre
, Hermes was believed to have invented many types of racing and the sports of wrestling and boxing, and therefore was a patron of athletes.
According to prominent
folklorist
Yeleazar Meletinsky
, Hermes is a deified
trickster
. Hermes also served as a
psychopomp
, or an escort for the dead to help them find their way to the
afterlife
(the
Underworld
in the Greek myths). In many Greek myths, Hermes was depicted as the only god besides
Hades
,
Persephone
,
Hecate
, and
Thanatos
who could enter and leave the Underworld without hindrance.
Hermes often helped travelers have a safe and easy journey. Many Greeks would sacrifice to Hermes before any trip.
In the fully-developed Olympian pantheon, Hermes was the son of
Zeus
and the
Pleiade
Maia
, a daughter of the Titan
Atlas
. Hermes' symbols were the
cock
and the
tortoise
, and he can be recognized by his purse or pouch,
winged sandals
,
winged cap
, and the herald's staff, the
kerykeion
. The night he was born he slipped away from Maia and stole his elder brother
Apollo
's cattle.
Antoninus (Called 'Caracalla')
Caesar: 195-198 A.D.
Augustus: 198-217 A.D.
( 198-209 A.D. - with Septimius Severus)
( 209-211 A.D. - with Septimius Severus and Geta)
( 211-217 A.D. - Sole Reign)
Caracalla
(
April 4
,
188
–
April 8
,
217
. Caracallus ), born
Lucius Septimius Bassianus
and later called
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
and
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus
, was the eldest son of
Septimius Severus
and
Roman Emperor
from 211 to 217. He was one of the most nefarious of Roman emperors. Caracalla's reign was notable for:
the
Constitutio Antoniniana
, granting
Roman citizenship
to freemen throughout the
Roman Empire
, according to
Cassius Dio
in order to increase taxation;
debasing the silver content in Roman coinage by 25 percent in order to pay the legions; and
the construction of a large
thermae
outside Rome, the remains of which, known as the
Baths of Caracalla
, can still be seen today
"Caracalla was the common enemy of all mankind," wrote
Edward Gibbon
. He spent his reign traveling from province to province so that each could experience his "rapine and cruelty."
Caracalla's real name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He got the nickname from his habit of wearing a cloak by the same name. Caracalla was the elder son of Septimius Severus and brother of Geta whom he positively hated. Hated so much, in fact, that he had him murdered a few years later. In the mayhem that followed, Caracalla's men went on a killing spree of anyone suspected of being a Geta sympathizer. In the massacre, it's estimated up to 20,000 people lost their lives. Caracalla would go on to rule for another five years but his bad karma caught up with him and he was assassinated in a plot perpetrated by Macrinus.
As an emperor Caracalla possessed few redeeming qualities and among the worst of them would be his ruinous drain on the treasury. Because he knew everyone hated him he sought the protection of the army. And the surest way of getting this protection was to buy it outright. He raised the pay of the solider to about four denarii per day, nearly quadrupling the salary of just a few years prior. And on top of their regular salary he heaped endless bonuses and other concessions meant to endear them. This money could only have come by the oppressive taxation of ordinary citizens as well as the seizures of property of the wealthy under trumped-up charges. This not only intensified the hatred against him but also had the effect of corrupting the military who had become accustomed to this life of luxury and throwing the economy into lasting disarray.
Rise to power
Caracalla, of mixed
Punic
/
Berber
and
Syrian
Arab
descent, was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in
Lugdunum
,
Gaul
(now
Lyon
,
France
), the son of the later Emperor Septimius Severus and
Julia Domna
. At the age of seven, his name was changed to Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus to solidify connection to the family of
Marcus Aurelius
. He was later given the
Caracalla
nickname
, which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable.
His father, who had taken the imperial throne in 193, died in 211 while touring the northern marches at
Eboracum
(
York
), and Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his brother
Publius Septimius Antoninius Geta
. However since both of them wanted to be the sole ruler, tensions between the brothers were evident in the few months they ruled the empire together (they even considered dividing the empire in two, but were persuaded not to do so by their mother). In December 211, Caracalla had Geta, the family of his former father-in-law
Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
, his wife
Fulvia Plautilla
(also his paternal second cousin), and her brother assassinated. He persecuted Geta's supporters and ordered a
damnatio memoriae
by the Senate against his brother.
Reign
In 213 Caracalla went north to the German frontier to deal with the
Alamanni
who were causing trouble in the
Agri Decumates
. The emperor managed to win the sympathy of the soldiers with generous pay rises and popular gestures, like marching on foot among the ordinary soldiers, eating the same food, and even grinding his own flour with them.
Caracalla defeated the Alamanni in a battle near the river
Main
, but failed to win a decisive victory over them. After a peace agreement was brokered, the senate conferred upon him the title "Germanicus Maximus". In the next year the emperor traveled to the East.
When the inhabitants of
Alexandria
heard Caracalla's claims that he had killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this claim, as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Caracalla responded to this insult savagely in 215 by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival, and then unleashed his troops for several days of looting and plunder in Alexandria. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed.
During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary to 675
denarii
and lavished many benefits on the army which he both feared and admired, as instructed by his father Septimius Severus who had told him to always mind the soldiers and ignore everyone else. His official portraiture marked a break with the detached images of the philosopher-emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. The rugged soldier-emperor iconic type was adopted by several of the following emperors who depended on the support of the legions, like
Trebonianus Gallus
.
[11]
Seeking to secure his own legacy, Caracalla also commissioned one of Rome's last major architectural achievements, the
Baths of Caracalla
, the largest public bath ever built in ancient Rome. The main room of the baths was larger than
St. Peter's Basilica
, and could easily accommodate over 2,000 Roman citizens at one time. The bath house opened in 216, complete with private rooms and outdoor tracks. Internally it was decorated with golden trim and mosaics.
The Roman Empire and its provinces in 210 AD
Fall
While travelling from
Edessa
to begin a war with
Parthia
, he was assassinated while urinating at a roadside near
Harran
on
April 8
,
217
by Julius Martialis, an officer in the imperial bodyguard.
Herodian
says that Martialis' brother had been executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; Cassius Dio, on the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke. He immediately fled on horseback, but was killed by a bodyguard archer.
[
needed
citation
]
Caracalla was succeeded by the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard,
Macrinus
, who almost certainly was part of the conspiracy against the emperor.
His nickname
According to
Aurelius Victor
in his
Epitome de Caesaribus
, the
cognomen
"Caracalla" refers to a Gallic
cloak
that Caracalla adopted as a personal fashion, which spread to his army and his court. Cassius Dio and the
Historia Augusta
[14]
agree that his nickname derived from his cloak, but do not mention its country of origin.
Caracalla and Geta by
Lawrence Alma-Tadema
. 1907.
Legendary king of Britain
Geoffrey of Monmouth
's legendary
History of the Kings of Britain
makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than the nickname Caracalla. After Severus's death, the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought a battle in which Geta was killed, and Bassianus succeeded to the throne. He ruled until he was betrayed by his
Pictish
allies and overthrown by
Carausius
, who, according to Geoffrey, was a Briton, rather than the
Menapian
Gaul that he actually was.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long until my order is shipped?:
Depending on the volume of sales, it may take up to 5 business days for shipment of your order after the receipt of payment.
How will I know when the order was shipped?:
After your order has shipped, you will be left positive feedback, and that date should be used as a basis of estimating an arrival