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CARACALLA 198AD Coela Thrace GALLEY Ship Authentic Ancient Roman Coin i48729

$ 26.4

Availability: 98 in stock
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    Description

    Item:
    i48729
    Authentic Ancient Coin of:
    Caracalla
    -
    Roman Emperor
    : 198-217 A.D. -
    Bronze 19mm (3.77 grams) of
    Coela in
    Thrace
    Laureate bust right.
    Prow of galley left.
    You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
    A
    galley
    is a type of
    ship
    propelled by
    rowers
    that originated in the eastern
    Mediterranean Sea
    and was used for
    warfare
    ,
    trade
    and
    piracy
    from the first millennium BC. Galleys dominated
    naval warfare
    in the Mediterranean from the 8th century BC until development of advanced sailing warships in the 17th century. Galleys fought in the wars of
    Assyria
    , ancient
    Phoenicia
    ,
    Greece
    ,
    Carthage
    and
    Rome
    until the 4th century AD. After the fall of the
    Western Roman Empire
    galleys formed the mainstay of the
    Byzantine navy
    and other navies of successors of the Roman Empire, as well as new
    Muslim
    navies. Medieval Mediterranean states, notably the Italian maritime republics, including
    Venice
    ,
    Pisa
    ,
    Genoa
    and the
    Ottoman Empire
    relied on them as the primary warships of their fleets until the 17th century, when they were gradually replaced by sailing warships. Galleys continued to be applied in minor roles in the Mediterranean and the
    Baltic Sea
    even after the introduction of
    steam propelled
    ships in the early 19th century.
    The galley engagements at
    Actium
    and
    Lepanto
    are among the greatest
    naval battles
    in history.
    Coela was located on the eastern part of the Thracian Chersonese, known in modern times as the Gallipoli Peninsula. It struck coins during times of Alexander the Great and later issued coins under the ancient Romans (known as Roman Provincial or Greek Imperial coins.
    The
    Gallipoli
    peninsula
    (
    Turkish
    :
    Gelibolu
    Yarımadası
    ;
    Greek
    :
    Καλλίπολη
    ) is located in Turkish Thrace (or
    East Thrace
    ), the European part of
    Turkey
    , with the
    Aegean Sea
    to the west and the
    Dardanelles
    strait to the east.
    Gallipoli derives its name from the
    Greek
    "Καλλίπολις" (
    Kallipolis
    ), meaning "Beautiful City". In
    antiquity
    , it was known as the
    Thracian Chersonese
    , from
    Greek
    :
    Θρακική Χερσόνησος
    (
    Latin
    :
    Chersonesus Thracica
    ).
    The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the
    Aegean Sea
    , between the Hellespont (now known as the
    Dardanelles
    ) and the bay of Melas (today
    Saros bay
    ). Near
    Agora
    it was protected by a wall running across its full breadth. The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36
    stadia
    in breadth (about 6.5 km), but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia (about 77.5 km).
    Thrace
    (demonym
    Thracian
    ;
    Bulgarian
    :
    Тракия,
    Trakiya
    ,
    Greek
    :
    Θράκη,
    Thráki
    ,
    Turkish
    :
    Trakya
    ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast
    Europe
    . As a geographical concept, Thrace designates a region bounded by the
    Balkan Mountains
    on the north,
    Rhodope Mountains
    and the
    Aegean Sea
    on the south, and by the
    Black Sea
    and the
    Sea of Marmara
    on the east. The areas it comprises are southeastern
    Bulgaria
    (
    Northern Thrace
    ), northeastern
    Greece
    (
    Western Thrace
    ), and the European part of
    Turkey
    (
    Eastern Thrace
    ). The biggest part of Thrace is part of present-day Bulgaria. In Turkey, it is also called
    Rumelia
    . The name comes from the
    Thracians
    , an ancient
    Indo-European
    people inhabiting Southeastern Europe.
    The historical boundaries of Thrace have varied. Noteworthy is the fact that, at an early date, the
    ancient Greeks
    employed the term "Thrace" to refer to all of the territory which lay north of
    Thessaly
    inhabited by the
    Thracians
    , a region which "had no definite boundaries" and to which other regions (like
    Macedonia
    and even
    Scythia
    ) were added. In one ancient Greek source, the very Earth is divided into "Asia, Libya, Europa and Thracia". As the knowledge of world geography of the Greeks broadened, the term came to be more restricted in its application: Thrace designated the lands bordered by the
    Danube
    on the north, by the Euxine Sea (Black Sea) on the east, by northern
    Macedonia
    in the south and by the
    Illyrian
    lands (i.e.
    Illyria
    ) to the west. This largely coincided with the Thracian
    Odrysian kingdom
    , whose borders varied in time. During this time, specifically after the Macedonian conquest, the region's old border with Macedonia was shifted from the
    Struma River
    to the
    Mesta River
    . This usage lasted until the Roman conquest. Henceforth, (classical) Thrace referred only to the tract of land largely covering the same extent of space as the modern geographical region. In its early period, the
    Roman province of Thrace
    was of this extent, but after the administrative reforms of the late 3rd century, Thracia's much reduced territory became the six small provinces which constituted the
    Diocese of Thrace
    . The medieval
    Byzantine
    theme
    of
    Thrace
    contained only what today is
    Eastern Thrace
    .
    The largest cities of Thrace are:
    İstanbul
    (European side),
    Plovdiv
    ,
    Burgas
    ,
    Stara Zagora
    ,
    Haskovo
    ,
    Edirne
    ,
    Çorlu
    and
    Tekirdag
    .
    Most of the Bulgarian and Greek population are Christians, while most of the Turkish inhabitants of Thrace are Muslims.
    The Roman province of Thrace
    Thrace in ancient Greek mythology
    Ancient Greek mythology
    provides them with a mythical ancestor, named
    Thrax
    , son of the war-god
    Ares
    , who was said to reside in Thrace. The Thracians appear in
    Homer
    's
    Iliad
    as
    Trojan
    allies, led by
    Acamas
    and
    Peiros
    . Later in the
    Iliad
    ,
    Rhesus
    , another Thracian king, makes an appearance.
    Cisseus
    , father-in-law to the Trojan elder
    Antenor
    , is also given as a Thracian king. Homeric Thrace was vaguely defined, and stretched from the River
    Axios
    in the west to the
    Hellespont
    and
    Black Sea
    in the east. The
    Catalogue of Ships
    mentions three separate contingents from Thrace: Thracians led by Acamas and Peiros, from
    Aenus
    ;
    Cicones
    led by
    Euphemus
    , from southern Thrace, near
    Ismaros
    ; and from the city of
    Sestus
    , on the Thracian (northern) side of the Hellespont, which formed part of the contingent led by
    Asius
    . Greek mythology is replete with Thracian kings, including
    Diomedes
    ,
    Tereus
    ,
    Lycurgus
    ,
    Phineus
    ,
    Tegyrius
    ,
    Eumolpus
    ,
    Polymnestor
    ,
    Poltys
    , and
    Oeagrus
    (father of
    Orpheus
    ). In addition to the tribe that Homer calls Thracians, ancient Thrace was home to numerous other tribes, such as the
    Edones
    ,
    Bisaltae
    ,
    Cicones
    , and
    Bistones
    .
    Thrace is also mentioned in Ovid's Metamorphoses in the episode of
    Philomela
    , Procne, and
    Tereus
    . Tereus, the King of Thrace, lusts after his sister-in-law, Philomela. He kidnaps her, holds her captive, rapes her, and cuts out her tongue. Philomela manages to get free, however. She and her sister, Procne, plot to get revenge, by killing Itys (son of Tereus and Procne) and serving him to his father for dinner. At the end of the myth, all three turn into birds—Procne, a swallow; Philomela, a nightingale; and Tereus, a
    hoopoe
    .
    History
    Ancient history
    The indigenous population of Thrace was a people called the
    Thracians
    , divided into numerous tribal groups. Thracian troops were known to accompany neighboring ruler
    Alexander the Great
    when he crossed the
    Hellespont
    which abuts Thrace, and took on the
    Persian Empire
    of the day.
    The Thracians did not describe themselves as such and
    Thrace
    and
    Thracians
    are simply the names given them by the Greeks.
    Divided into separate tribes, the Thracians did not manage to form a lasting political organization until the
    Odrysian state
    was founded in the 4th century BC. Like
    Illyrians
    , Thracian tribes of the mountainous regions fostered a locally ruled warrior tradition, while the tribes based in the plains were purportedly more peaceable. Recently discovered funeral mounds in Bulgaria suggest that Thracian kings did rule regions of Thrace with distinct Thracian national identity.
    During this period, a subculture of
    celibate
    ascetics
    called the
    Ctistae
    lived in Thrace, where they served as philosophers, priests and prophets.
    Medieval history
    By the mid 5th century, as the Roman Empire began to crumble, Thracia fell from the authority of Rome and into the hands of Germanic tribal rulers. With the fall of Rome, Thracia turned into a battleground territory for the better part of the next 1,000 years. The eastern successor of the
    Roman Empire
    in the Balkans, the
    Byzantine Empire
    , retained control over Thrace until the 8th century when the northern half of the entire region was incorporated into the
    First Bulgarian Empire
    . Byzantium regained Thrace in the late 10th century and administered it as a
    theme
    , until the Bulgarians regained control of the northern half at the end of the 12th century. Throughout the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, the region was changing in the hands of the Bulgarian and the Byzantine Empire(excl. Constantinopole). In 1265 the area suffered a Mongol raid from the
    Golden Horde
    , led by
    Nogai Khan
    . In 1352, the
    Ottoman
    Turks
    Caracalla 198-217 A.D.
    Caesar: 195-198 A.D. (under
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    Septimius Severus
    )
    Augustus: 198-217 A.D. (198-209 A.D. with
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    Septimius Severus
    ) (209-211 A.D. with
    <="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
    Septimius Severus
    and
    Geta
    ) (211 A.D. with
    Geta
    ) (211-217 A.D. Sole Reign)
    Son of
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    Septimius Severus
    and
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    Julia Domna
    | Brother of
    Geta
    | Husband of
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    Plautilla
    ="">
    | Nephew of
    <="" font="" color="#000000">
    Julia Maesa
    ="">
    | Cousin of
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    Julia Soaemias
    and
    <="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
    Julia Mamaea
    |
    Caracalla
    (
    Latin
    :
    Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus
    ;4 April 188 – 8 April 217) was
    Roman emperor
    from 198 to 217 The eldest son of
    Septimius Severus
    , for a short time he ruled jointly with his younger brother
    Geta
    until he had him murdered in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire.
    Caracalla's reign was also notable for the
    Constitutio Antoniniana
    (also called the Edict of Caracalla), granting
    Roman citizenship
    to all freemen throughout the
    Roman Empire
    , which according to historian
    Cassius Dio
    , was done for the purposes of raising tax revenue. He is also one of the emperors who commissioned a large public bath-house (
    thermae
    ) in Rome. The remains of the
    Baths of Caracalla
    are still one of the major tourist attractions of the Italian capital.
    Early life
    Caracalla, of mixed
    Punic

    Roman
    and
    Syrian
    descent, was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in
    Lugdunum
    ,
    Gaul
    (now
    Lyon
    ,
    France
    ), the son of the later Emperor Septimius Severus and
    Julia Domna
    . At the age of seven, his name was changed to Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus to create a connection to the family of the philosopher emperor
    Marcus Aurelius
    . He was later given the
    Caracalla
    nickname
    , which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable.
    Reign (211)
    Murder of brother (211)
    His father died in 211 at
    Eboracum
    (now
    York
    ) while on campaign in northern Britain. Caracalla was present and was then proclaimed emperor by the troops along with his brother
    Publius Septimius Antoninus Geta
    . Caracalla suspended the
    campaign in Caledonia
    and soon ended all military activity, as both brothers wanted to be sole ruler thus making relations between them increasingly hostile. When they tried to rule the Empire jointly they actually considered dividing it in halves, but were persuaded not to do so by their mother.
    Then in December 211 at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother Julia, Caracalla had Geta assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard loyal to himself, Geta dying in his mother's arms. Caracalla then persecuted and executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a
    damnatio memoriae
    pronounced by the Senate against his brother's memory.
    Geta's image was simply removed from all coinage, paintings and statues, leaving a blank space next to Caracalla's. Among those executed were his former cousin-wife
    Fulvia Plautilla
    , his unnamed daughter with Plautilla along with her brother and other members of the family of his former father-in-law
    Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
    . Plautianus had already been executed for alleged treachery against emperor Severus in 205.
    About the time of his accession he ordered the
    Roman currency
    devalued, the silver purity of the
    denarius
    was decreased from 56.5% to 51.5%, the actual silver weight dropping from 1.81 grams to 1.66 grams – though the overall weight slightly increased. In 215 he introduced the
    antoninianus
    , a "double denarius" weighing 5.1 grams and containing 2.6 grams of silver – a purity of 52%.
    In the Roman provinces
    In 213, Caracalla went north to the German frontier to deal with the
    Alamanni
    tribesmen who were raiding in the
    Agri Decumates
    . The Romans did defeat the Alamanni in battle near the river
    Main
    , but failed to win a decisive victory over them. After a peace agreement was brokered and a large bribe payment given to the invaders, the Senate conferred upon him the empty title of
    Germanicus Maximus
    . He also acquired the surname
    Alemannicus
    at this time. The following year the tyrant traveled to the East, to Syria and Egypt never to return to Rome.
    Gibbon
    in his work describes Caracalla as "the common enemy of mankind". He left the capital in 213, about a year after the murder of Geta, and spent the rest of his reign in the provinces, particularly those of the East. He kept the Senate and other wealthy families in check by forcing them to construct, at their own expense, palaces, theaters, and places of entertainment throughout the periphery. New and heavy taxes were levied against the bulk of the population, with additional fees and confiscations targeted at the wealthiest families.
    When the inhabitants of
    Alexandria
    heard Caracalla's claims that he had killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. In 215, Caracalla savagely responded to this insult by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival, and then unleashed his troops for several days of looting and plunder in Alexandria. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed.
    [
    citation needed
    ]
    Domestic Roman policy
    Affiliation with the army
    During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary to 675
    denarii
    and lavished many benefits on the army which he both feared and admired, as instructed by his father Septimius Severus who had told him on his deathbed to always mind the soldiers and ignore everyone else. Caracalla did manage to win the trust of the military with generous pay rises and popular gestures, like marching on foot among the ordinary soldiers, eating the same food, and even grinding his own flour with them.
    With the soldiers, "He forgot even the proper dignity of his rank, encouraging their insolent familiarity," according to Gibbon. "The vigour of the army, instead of being confirmed by the severe discipline of the camps, melted away in the luxury of the cities."
    His official portraiture marks a break with the detached images of the philosopher–emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. This rugged soldier–emperor iconic archetype was adopted by most of the following emperors who depended on the support of the troops to rule, like his eventual successor
    Maximinus Thrax
    .
    Seeking to secure his own legacy, Caracalla also commissioned one of Rome's last major architectural achievements, the
    Baths of Caracalla
    , the 2nd largest public baths ever built in ancient Rome. The main room of the baths was larger than
    St. Peter's Basilica
    , and could easily accommodate over 2,000 Roman citizens at one time. The bath house opened in 216, complete with libraries, private rooms and outdoor tracks. Internally it was lavishly decorated with gold-trimmed marble floors, columns, mosaics and colossal statuary.
    Edict of Caracalla (212)
    The
    Constitutio Antoniniana
    (Latin: "Constitution [or Edict] of Antoninus") (also called
    Edict of Caracalla
    ) was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla which declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in the Empire were given the same rights as Roman women.
    Before 212, for the most part only inhabitants of Italia held full Roman citizenship. Colonies of Romans established in other provinces, Romans (or their descendants) living in provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire, and small numbers of local nobles (such as kings of client countries) held full citizenship also. Provincials, on the other hand, were usually non-citizens, although many held the
    Latin Right
    .
    The Roman Historian
    Cassius Dio
    contended that the sole motivation for the edict was a desire to increase state revenue.At the time aliens did not have to pay most taxes that were required of citizens, so although nominally Caracalla was elevating their legal status, he was more importantly expanding the Roman tax base. The effect of this was to remove the distinction that citizenship had held since the foundation of Rome and as such the act had a profound effect upon the fabric of Roman society.
    War with Parthia
    According to the historian Herodian, in 216, Caracalla tricked the Parthians into believing that he accepted a marriage and peace proposal, but then had the bride and guests slaughtered after the wedding celebrations. The thereafter ongoing conflict and skirmishes became known as the
    Parthian war of Caracalla
    .
    Assassination (217)
    The Roman Empire during the reign of Caracalla.
    While travelling from
    Edessa
    to continue the war with
    Parthia
    , he was assassinated while urinating at a roadside near
    Carrhae
    on 8 April 217 (4 days after his 29th birthday), by Julius Martialis, an officer of his personal bodyguard.
    Herodian
    says that Martialis' brother had been executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; Cassius Dio, on the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis then ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke. While attempting to flee, the bold assassin was then quickly dispatched by a Scythian archer of the Imperial Guard.
    Caracalla was succeeded by his
    Praetorian Guard Prefect
    ,
    Macrinus
    , who (according to Herodian) was most probably responsible for having the emperor assassinated.
    His nickname
    According to
    Aurelius Victor
    in his
    Epitome de Caesaribus
    , the
    agnomen
    "Caracalla" refers to a Gallic
    cloak
    that Caracalla adopted as a personal fashion, which spread to his army and his court. Cassius Dio and the
    Historia Augusta
    agree that his nickname was derived from his cloak, but do not mention its country of origin.
    Legendary king of Britain
    Geoffrey of Monmouth
    's legendary
    History of the Kings of Britain
    makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than the nickname Caracalla. In the story, after Severus's death the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought a battle in which Geta was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne. He ruled until he was betrayed by his
    Pictish
    allies and overthrown by
    Carausius
    , who, according to Geoffrey, was a Briton, rather than the historically much later
    Menapian
    Gaul that he actually was.
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