ANTONINUS PIUS 138AD Philippopolis Thrace ARES MARS Ancient Roman Coin i59270

Description

Item:
i59270
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Antoninus Pius - Roman Emperor: 138-161 A.D.
Bronze 18mm (3.20 grams) of Philippopolis in Thrace
Reference: Varbanov 722
AY TI AI AΔΡΙ ΑΝΤΩNEINOC, Bare head right.
ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΠΟΛEΙΤ, Nude Ares (Mars) standing left, holding patera and spear; shield at feet to right.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
Ares
is the
Greek god
of war
. He is one of the
Twelve Olympians
, and the son of
Zeus
and
Hera
. In
Greek literature
, he often represents the physical or violent aspect of war, in contrast to the armored
Athena
, whose functions as a
goddess of intelligence
include
military strategy
and
generalship
.
The Greeks were
ambivalent
toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." Fear
(
Phobos
)
and Terror
(
Deimos
)
were yoked to his battle
chariot
. In the
Iliad
his father Zeus tells him that he is the god most hateful to him. An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. His value as a war god is even placed in doubt: during the
Trojan War
, Ares was on the losing side, while Athena, often depicted in
Greek art
as holding
Nike (Victory)
in her hand, favored the triumphant Greeks.
Ares plays a relatively limited role in
Greek mythology
as represented in literary narratives, though his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring are often
alluded
to. When Ares does appear in myths, he typically faces humiliation. He is well known as the lover of
Aphrodite
, the goddess of love who was married to
Hephaestus
, god of craftsmanship, but the most famous story involving the couple shows them exposed to ridicule through the wronged husband's clever device.
The counterpart of Ares among the
Roman gods
is
Mars
, who as a father of the Roman people held a more important and dignified place in
ancient Roman religion
for his agricultural and
tutelary
functions. During the
Hellenization
of
Latin literature
, the myths of Ares were
reinterpreted
by Roman writers under the name of Mars. Greek writers under
Roman rule
also recorded
cult practices
and beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares. Thus in the
classical tradition
of later
Western art and literature
, the mythology of the two figures becomes virtually indistinguishable.
Plovdiv
(
Bulgarian
:
Пловдив
) is
the second-largest city
in
Bulgaria
with a population of 380,683. Plovdiv's history spans some 6,000 years, with traces of a Neolithic settlement dating to roughly 4000 BC. It is the administrative center of
Plovdiv Province
in southern Bulgaria and three municipalities (Plovdiv,
Maritsa
and
Rodopi
) and Bulgaria's
Yuzhen tsentralen
planning region (NUTS II), as well as the largest and most important city in
Northern Thrace
and the wider international historical region of
Thrace
. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural and educational center.
Known in the West for most of its history by the
Greek
name
Philippopolis
, it was originally a
Thracian
settlement before becoming a major
Roman
city. In the Middle Ages, it retained its strategic regional importance, changing hands between the
Byzantine
and
Bulgarian Empires
. It came under
Ottoman
rule in the 14th century. In 1878, Plovdiv was made the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region of
Eastern Rumelia
; in 1885, it became part of Bulgaria with the
unification
of that region and the
Principality of Bulgaria
.
Plovdiv is situated in the southern part of the Plovdiv Plain on the two banks of the
Maritsa River
. The city has historically developed on seven
syenite
hills, some of which are 250 m high. Because of these seven hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills".
There are many remains preserved from
Antiquity
such as the
Ancient amphitheatre
, Roman odeon,
Roman Stadium
, the archaeological complex
Eirene
and others.
Plovdiv was given various names throughout its long history. It was originally a
Thracian
settlement by the name of
Eumolpias
.
Philip II of Macedon
conquered the area in 342-341 BC and renamed the city
Philippoupolis
(
Greek
:
Φιλιππούπολις
), of which the later Thracian name for the city,
Pulpu-deva
, is a reconstructed translation. After the Romans took control of the area, the city was named
Latin
:
Trimontium
, meaning the Three Hills. During the Middle Ages the city was known as Philippoupolis in
Byzantine Greek
and
Paldin
(Пълдин) or
Plavdiv
(Плъвдив) in
Old Bulgarian
, variations of the town's earlier
Thracian
name. The city was known as Philippopolis in Western Europe well into the early 20th century. The city was known as
Filibe
in
Turkish
during the
Ottoman Empire
.
Plovdiv has settlement traces dating from the Neolithic, roughly 4000 BC. Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery and other objects of everyday life from as early as the Neolithic Age, showing that in the end of the 4
th
millennium B.C. there already was an established settlement there. According to
Ammianus Marcellinus
, Plovdiv's written post-Bronze Age history lists it as a
Thracian
fortified settlement named Eumolpias. In 4th century BC the city was a centre of a trade fair (called
panegyreis
). In 342 BC, it was conquered by
Philip II of Macedon
, the father of
Alexander the Great
, who renamed it "Φιλιππόπολις",
Philippopolis
or "the city of Philip" in his own honour. Later, it was reconquered by the
Thracians
who called it
Pulpudeva
(a reconstructed translation of Philipopolis)
In 72 AD it was seized by the Roman general Terentius Varo Lukulus and was incorporated into the
Roman Empire
, where it was called
Trimontium
(
City of Three Hills
) and served as metropolis (capital) of the province of
Thrace
. It gained a city status in late 1st century. Trimontium was an important crossroad for the Roman Empire and was called "The largest and most beautiful of all cities" by
Lucian
. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province. In those times, the
Via Militaris
(or
Via Diagonalis
), the most important military road in the
Balkans
, passed through the city.
"This [Plovdiv] is the biggest and loveliest of all cities. Its beauty shines from faraway..."
Roman writer
Lucian
.
The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence. The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, and theatres. The city had an advanced water system and
sewerage
. It was defended with a double wall. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.
Antoninus Pius - 138-161 A.D.
Caesar: 138 A.D. (under Hadrian)
Augustus: 138-161 A.D.
| Adopted son and successor of Hadrian | Husband of Faustina Senior | Father of Faustina Junior and Galerius Antoninus | Grandfather of Commodus, Annius Verus, Lucilla and Aurelius Antoninus | Adoptive father of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus |
Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus
(19 September 86 – 7 March 161), generally known in English as
Antoninus Pius
was
Roman emperor
from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the
Five Good Emperors
and a member of the
Aurelii
. He did not possess the
sobriquet
"
Pius
" until after his accession to the throne. Almost certainly, he earned the name "Pius" because he compelled the
Senate
to deify his adoptive father
Hadrian
; the
Historia Augusta
, however, suggests that he may have earned the name by saving senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.
//
He was the son and only child of
Titus Aurelius Fulvus
,
consul
in 89 whose family came from
Nemausus
(modern
Nîmes
) and was born near
Lanuvium
and his mother was Arria Fadilla. Antoninus’ father and paternal grandfather died when he was young and he was raised by
Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus
, his maternal grandfather, a man of integrity and culture and a friend of
Pliny the Younger
. His mother married to Publius Julius Lupus (a man of consular rank),
Suffect Consul
in 98, and bore him a daughter called Julia Fadilla.
As a private citizen between 110 and 115, he married Annia Galeria
Faustina the Elder
. They had a very happy marriage. She was the daughter of consul
Marcus Annius Verus
and
Rupilia
Faustina (a half-sister to Roman Empress
Vibia Sabina
). Faustina was a beautiful woman, renowned for her wisdom. She spent her whole life caring for the poor and assisting the most disadvantaged Romans.
Having filled with more than usual success the offices of
quaestor
and
praetor
, he obtained the consulship in 120; he was next appointed by the Emperor
Hadrian
as one of the four
proconsuls
to administer
Italia
, then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as
proconsul
of
Asia
. He acquired much favor with the Emperor Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February, 138, after the death of his first adopted son
Lucius Aelius
, on the condition that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors
Marcus Aurelius
and
Lucius Verus
(colleague of Marcus Aurelius).
Emperor
On his accession, Antoninus' name became "Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pontifex Maximus". One of his first acts as Emperor was to persuade the
Senate
to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused; his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of
Pius
(dutiful in affection; compare
pietas
). Two other reasons for this title are that he would support his aged father-in-law with his hand at Senate meetings, and that he had saved those men that Hadrian, during his period of ill-health, had condemned to death. He built temples, theaters, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of
rhetoric
and
philosophy
.
In marked contrast to his predecessors
Trajan
and
Hadrian
, Antoninus was not a military man. One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion". His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the
Principate
; while there were several military disturbances throughout the Empire in his time, in
Mauretania
,
Iudaea
, and amongst the
Brigantes
in
Britannia
, none of them are considered serious. The unrest in Britannia is believed to have led to the construction of the
Antonine Wall
from the
Firth of Forth
to the
Firth of Clyde
, although it was soon abandoned. He was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with these crises without leaving Italy once during his reign, but instead dealt with provincial matters of war and peace through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed). This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.
Of the public transactions of this period we have scant information, but, to judge by what we possess, those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after his; the surviving evidence is not complete enough to determine whether we should interpret, with older scholars, that he wisely curtailed the activities of the Roman Empire to a careful minimum, or perhaps that he was uninterested in events away from Rome and
Italy
and his inaction contributed to the pressing troubles that faced not only Marcus Aurelius but also the emperors of the third century. German historian Ernst Kornemann has had it in his Römische Geschichte [2 vols., ed. by H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954] that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities," given the upheavals that were to come. There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' passing. Kornemann's brief is that Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders.
Scholars place Antoninus Pius as the leading candidate for fulfilling the role as a friend of Rabbi
Judah the Prince
. According to the
Talmud
(Avodah Zarah 10a-b), Rabbi Judah was very wealthy and greatly revered in Rome. He had a close friendship with "Antoninus", possibly Antoninus Pius, who would consult Rabbi Judah on various worldly and spiritual matters.
After the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing
Tiberius
by a couple of months), Antoninus died of fever at
Lorium
in
Etruria
, about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome, on 7 March 161, giving the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the
tribune
of the night-watch came to ask the password—"aequanimitas" (equanimity). His body was placed in
Hadrian's mausoleum
, a
column
was dedicated to him on the
Campus Martius
, and the
temple
he had built in the Forum in 141 to his deified wife Faustina was rededicated to the deified Faustina and the deified Antoninus.
Historiography
The only account of his life handed down to us is that of the
Augustan History
, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Antoninus is unique among Roman emperors in that he has no other biographies. Historians have therefore turned to public records for what details we know.
In later scholarship
Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as
Edward Gibbon
or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannicaca:
A few months afterwards, on Hadrian's death, he was enthusiastically welcomed to the throne by the Roman people, who, for once, were not disappointed in their anticipation of a happy reign. For Antoninus came to his new office with simple tastes, kindly disposition, extensive experience, a well-trained intelligence and the sincerest desire for the welfare of his subjects. Instead of plundering to support his prodigality, he emptied his private treasury to assist distressed provinces and cities, and everywhere exercised rigid economy (hence the nickname κυμινοπριστης "cummin-splitter"). Instead of exaggerating into treason whatever was susceptible of unfavorable interpretation, he spurned the very conspiracies that were formed against him into opportunities for demonstrating his clemency. Instead of stirring up persecution against the Christians, he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire. Rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emperor's progress through his dominions, he was content to spend all the years of his reign in Rome, or its neighborhood.
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